Processes and materials used for direct writing technologies: A review

Direct Writing (DW), also known as Robocasting, is an extrusion-based layer-by-layer manufacturing technique suitable for complex geometries. Different types of materials such metals, composites, ceramics, biomaterials, and shape memory alloys can be used DW. The simplicity cost-efficiency DW makes it convenient different applications, from biomedical to optics. Recent studies on show a tendency towards the development new applications. This represents necessity deep understanding principles parameters each technique, material, process challenge. review highlights many techniques, recent advancements in material development, parameters, challenges process. Since quality printed parts by highly depend extrusion, focus this mainly ceramic extrusion its rheological point view. delivers insight into processes overcome main objective deliver necessary information non-specialist interdisciplinary researchers.